Suchergebnisse

Vocational rehabilitation aims at getting people with health problems or disabilities back into work. In Germany, the Public Employment Service is a central provider of vocational rehabilitation services targeted at unemployed people. Against this background, the study examined the labour market effects of vocational rehabilitation for people registered as unemployed with the Public Employment Service. A comparison of the accepted and the rejected applicants for vocational rehabilitation using inverse probability weighting based on propensity scores provides an insight into its effects. The results suggest that the employment prospects of persons who were accepted in the programme improved modestly after the third‐year following application. A subgroup analysis identified stronger re‐employment effects of acceptance into vocational rehabilitation in eastern Germany as well as for men and older individuals.

Abstract
The long-term changes in the aggregate tasks (activities) of employees in the German automotive industry are analysed. The central question is whether the observed changes in activities occur within occupations or are driven by the reallocation of employees between occupations. International studies show that most of the aggregate changes occur within occupations. Our findings confirm these results for Germany. They also show that many occupations have the capacity to adapt and that the fear of joblessness due to technological change seems disproportionate.

AbstractThis paper quantifies the importance of active job search for the probability of re‐employment, estimates the share of older job seekers that become discouraged and explore factors that may lead to discouragement. We use the sample of older unemployed welfare benefit recipients in Germany covered by the Panel Study "Labour Market and Social Security" (PASS). We find that employment transition rates are low for older job seekers: only around 11% found a job within a year. Participation in job search is an important but not a decisive factor for the transition to employment, other variables such education levels and health status are as important for the probability to transit to employment. Furthermore, more than 29.4% of individuals that did not find employment gave up the job search. We argue that a large share of these group of unemployed could be classified as discouraged. The job centre caseworkers' strategies specifically aimed at helping older job seekers to develop a new perspective in the labour market are likely to increase their probability of continuing to search for work.

The study estimates the employment effect of vocational training programs for the unemployed in urban Russia. The results of propensity score matching indicate that training programs had a non-negative overall effect on the program participants relative to non-participants.

Following a national lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, state governments in Germany published lists of "essential" occupations that were considered necessary to maintain basic services such as health care, social care, food production and transport. Against this background, this paper examines working conditions and identifies clusters of similar jobs in these essential occupations. Differences across clusters are highlighted using detailed data on job characteristics, including tasks, educational requirements and working conditions. Two clusters with favourable or average working conditions account for more than three-quarters of jobs in essential occupations. Another two clusters, comprising 20% of jobs in essential occupations, are associated with unfavourable working conditions such as low pay, job insecurity, poor prospects for advancement and low autonomy. These latter clusters exhibit high shares of migrants. Further evidence suggests that this pattern is linked to educational requirements and how recent migrants evaluate job characteristics. It is argued that poor working conditions could affect the resilience of basic services during crises, notably by causing high turnover. Policies towards essential occupations should therefore pay close attention to working conditions, the role of migrant labour and their long-term implications for resilience.

In den Jahren 2020 und 2021 gab es in Deutschland einen nach wie vor robusten Arbeitsmarkt – der Covid-19-Krise zum Trotz. Ein seit Jahren stabiler Anteil Langzeitarbeitsloser zeigt allerdings, dass es selbst unter günstigen Rahmenbedingungen am Arbeitsmarkt für bestimmte Gruppen anhaltend Re-Integrationsprobleme gibt, die sich mit den hier noch nicht berücksichtigten Rückwirkungen des Ukrainekriegs auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt vermutlich nicht abmildern werden. Dabei steht auch die aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik der Hartz-Gesetze in der Kritik. Offen ist, ob die Förderung von Beschäftigung für Arbeitslose eher im ersten Arbeitsmarkt zu Marktpreisen oder aber über einen zweiten sogenannten Sozialen Arbeitsmarkt erfolgversprechend ist. Das 2019 in Kraft getretene Teilhabechancengesetz setzt einen starken Akzent bei Letzterem, auch wenn es beide Optionen ermöglicht. Der Beitrag untersucht zum einen, ob dadurch arbeitsmarktferne Gruppen besser erreicht werden. Zum anderen geht es darum, ob die Reformen des Teilhabechancengesetzes eher in Richtung einer De- oder Rekommodifizierung von Arbeit weisen.

In this study, we examined the long‐term effects of supporting welfare recipients by means of a subsidy to start their own business. We used administrative data and propensity score matching to estimate the impact of the subsidy on the probability of receiving welfare benefits and on unemployment status up to 72 months after programme start. We supplemented our estimation results with the results of a qualitative survey which provided insights into the diversity of entrepreneurial activities and the recipients' motivation for starting a business. Our results are encouraging. We found a stable positive effect on the outcomes of interest. We further found that foreign nationals and the long‐term unemployed benefit the most. We conclude that the subsidy allows some people to successfully start a business who would not have otherwise done so and who would have been less successful by choosing the alternative of continued job search.

Migranten der zweiten Generation sprechen viel häufiger Deutsch im eigenen Haushalt als Migranten der ersten Generation. Erwerbslose Personen, die zu Hause vor allem Deutsch sprechen, suchen intensiver nach Arbeit. Deutschkenntnisse spielen auch eine Rolle dabei, wie häufig bestimmte Wege der Arbeitsuche eingeschlagen werden. Je besser die Sprachkenntnisse, desto eher lesen Arbeitsuchende Stellenanzeigen in Zeitungen und bewerben sich auf Stellenanzeigen oder sie recherchieren im Internet. Arbeitsuchende aus mehrsprachigen Haushalten können bei ihrer Arbeitsuche leichter auf soziale Netzwerke zurückgreifen. Erwerbslose Migrantinnen, die zu Hause überwiegend eine Fremdsprache sprechen, suchen viel seltener aktiv nach Arbeit als andere Erwerbslose. Soweit langzeitarbeitslose Migranten starke Defizite bei den Deutschkenntnissen aufweisen, sollte Arbeitsmarktpolitik also auch gezielt bei der Sprachförderung ansetzen, um ihre Arbeitsmarktchancen zu verbessern.

"German unemployed who turned 58 and were registered in the Public Employment Service had until the end of 2007 the option to avoid job-search monitoring without sanction if they agreed to retire as soon as they were eligible for an old age pension. In this study we analyze the impact of job search monitoring on reservation wages of older welfare benefit recipients using as identification strategy age discontinuity in the eligibility rule to participate in the program. Our results indicate that participation in the program increases reservation wages. However, the question whether this has an effect on unemployment duration remains open for further research." (author´s abstract)